b. mock and ridicule their victim. If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. d. Maher, who changes friends often. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. (2013, October 24). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This proves that the child has some: A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. d. defining what was lost. 38 chapters | c. conventional Heinz dilemma. A. following what parents, teachers, and peers do. E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. a. blended family. d. religious differences and low income. b. parentification. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development that suggests that moral reasoning develops in a series of stages, each building upon the previous one. b. praising the transgressor A)conventional B)preconventional C)premoral D)postconventional b A study that followed married parents and their adolescent children found that _____ on the adolescents' well-being. Robert is told by his parents to help his little brother tie his shoes before going to school. Description. d. reflects successful coping with minor adversities. He then classified their reasoning into the stages of his theory of moral development. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. b. shared environmental influences theory A significant factor aiding children and families as they deal with problems and stress is: Piaget, J. Business Morality & Code of Conduct: Help and Review, Advance Directives for Health Care: A Guide for Nurses, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Dynamic Business Environment: Help and Review, What is Utilitarianism? Olivia is an extremely shy and anxious 8-year-old girl. In this case, he resists engaging in a behavior because he wants to avoid punishment rather that because of how it will affect his brother. B According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. a. the sensorimotor period. C. her religion alone Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Most of the dilemmas are unfamiliar to most people (Rosen, 1980). b) an emphasis on laws and social order. b. following what parents, teaching, and peers do. b. half of all personality traits may be environmental. a. social support. c. cohort theory c. conventional a. very exciting, as this is a stage marked by a strong desire for new experiences. Omissions? b. the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household. It is also to do with social factors. c. about half chose restitution and half chose retribution. American Psychological Association. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. b. resilient. Reset Selection Question: Preconventional morality involves: O A. an emphasis on reward and punishment. a. child culture. Overall Bee points out that moral behavior is only partly a question of moral reasoning. Some fall into the category of transcendental institutionalist, which involves trying to create "perfect justice." Gilligan concluded that Kohlbergs theory did not account for the fact that women approach moral problems from an ethics of care, rather than an ethics of justice perspective, which challenges some of the fundamental assumptions of Kohlbergs theory. The woman's husband, Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug. "I don't want to get caught and punished". a. is always present in the same way. The numerous studies investigating moral reasoning based on Kohlbergs theory have confirmed basic tenets regarding the topic area. b. controversial child. c. bully-victim. Heinzs wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. d. unknown. Not everyone achieves all the stages. b. almost all chose retribution. c. neglected child. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development. a. is rising. So, stealing the drug may be viewed as a good action if it means avoiding the consequence of his wife dying. Maintaining the Social Order. Authority figures like parents will create rules for. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Preconventional morality examples can often be observed in everyday scenarios. Stage 2: Rewards are sought. Do parental or societal influences play a greater role in moral development? Level 1 has two stages. In a real situation, what course of action a person takes will have real consequences and sometimes very unpleasant ones for themselves. Harper & Row. d. arrogant. Preconventional morality is the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. The results of these experiments illustrate preconventional moral reasoning. In other words, it's in Heinz's best interest to save his wife, even if it means stealing a drug from someone else. Oxford University Press; 2019. c. extremely rare; children ages 5 to 9 years old move far less often than older Americans. Behaviour is determined again by consequences. Fetal Stage Overview & Development | What is the Fetal Stage? Kohlberg, L. (1984). Each level has two sub-stages. an emphasis on laws and social order OD. For a random sample of 44 weekdays, daily fees collected averaged $\$ 126$, with a standard deviation of $\$ 15$. Teachers and other educators can also apply Kohlberg's theory in the classroom, providing additional moral guidance. Kohlberg isn't the only psychologist to theorize how we develop morally. C. how the various generations interact Obedience and Punishment Orientation - At this stage of moral reasoning, the individual acts from a belief that if they do something wrong, they will be punished, so the best reason for avoiding doing wrong is to avoid being punished. Family function refers to: Social rules and laws determine behaviour. The preoperational stage Dressing like adults Hurting the transgressor Following what parents, teachers, and peers do Previous Next Is This Question Helpful? Over time, the consequences of bullying: The city plans to pay for the structure via parking fees. Individuals at this level judge the morality of a particular behavior or action by its consequences. He doesn't want to, but he helps his brother tie his shoes because he thinks his parents will give him a reward for it. At first, Jake is excited about his first trip to the barber, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. b. peer values. C. theory emphasizes Eastern values | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | Behaviour is determined by social approval. This is Kohlbergs view. b. an emphasis on laws and social order. Cognitive Development in Adults | Overview, Changes & Middle Adulthood, Theories on Moral Development: Kohlberg & Others | Overview & Examples. During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc. Individual rights determine behaviour. B. Munsey (Ed). Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral thinking is based on the idea that people are driven by self-interest, and are mainly concerned with avoiding punishment and gaining rewards. b. may change over time. Kohlberg's theory is broken down into three primary levels. Several other theories exist that attempt to explain the development of morality, specifically in relation to social justice. 2010;53(2):87-97. doi:10.1159/000288210, Elorrieta-Grimalt M. A critical analysis of moral education according to Lawrence Kohlberg. Piaget described a three-stage process of moral development: Kohlberg expanded on this theory to include more stages in the process. c. middle childhood b. Jean Piaget OC. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves a. behavior based on self-interest. University of Minnesota Press. Similar to how Piaget believed that not all people reach the highest levels of cognitive development, Kohlberg believed not everyone progresses to the highest stages of moral development. c. looking toward the future and to living on his own In the 1980s the theory was criticized by the American psychologist Carol Gilligan for universalizing patterns of moral development exhibited by boys and ignoring the distinct patterns characteristic of girls. c What is the second level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory? d. have older sisters who are aggressive. In the United States the age of people at their first marriage: d. only problematic if the move is the result of divorce. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. response functions shown in previous Figure. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemists and stole the drug. b. peer values. Children's "increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control" contributes to their: More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are: d. industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture. ___________ 5. These are the avoidance of being punished and obedience, and the other is the exchange of favors. c. restoring what was lost. She doesn't want to, but she does it anyways. b. members of their own sex. | 2 d. typically vanish by the time children enter high school. Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of moral development, Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation, Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation, Level 3: Postconventional or principled level, Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation, https://www.britannica.com/science/Lawrence-Kohlbergs-stages-of-moral-development, Academia - Chapter Seven Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, Verywell Mind - Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Harvard Educational Review, 47(4), 481-517. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference? However, research on twins, siblings, and stepchildren has found that: Family structure refers to: Advertisement crisvinl65 Conventional Morality Stage Example & Theory | What is Conventional Morality? d. having a mentor who encouraged creativity, c. having realistic goals and persistence, Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected. b. his circle of friends and their activities a. hurting the transgressor. Postconventional morality involves _____. At this stage, the appropriate action is determined by ones self-chosen ethical principles of conscience. Doctors said a new drug might save her. By the end of the second stage, children are learning to take other people's perspectives and begin to realize that everyone doesn't share their beliefs and viewpoints. Preconventional reality involves using a childlike approach to the notions of right and wrong. Educacin y Educadores. How should they know whether Heinz should steal the drug? Preconventional morality is the earliest period of moral development. In phase one, individual consequences form the basis for the morality of a decision. During the preconventional stage, experienced mostly during childhood, an individual's sense of morality is controlled by those around them. Discuss how your answer relates to the impulse Asthma is a disorder caused by ______ of the airways. The first phase is obedience and punishment. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does. The first level of Kohlberg's theory is called preconventional morality and marks a period beginning in childhood where an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture. | Fifth | B | B | D | E | C | d. Carol Gilligan, Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. The merchant wants $2,000 for a single dose of the drug. The fact that Kohlbergs theory is heavily dependent on an individuals response to an artificial dilemma brings a question to the validity of the results obtained through this research. Updates? Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). The evidence for distinct stages of moral development looks very weak, and some would argue that behind the theory is a culturally biased belief in the superiourity of American values over those of other cultures and societies. Mens' morality is based on abstract principles of law and justice, while womens' is based on principles of compassion and care. b. unconventional suppose weather conditions are temporarily very favorable for agriculture. b. athletic, cool, dominant, aggressive Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a: C. simplified language that adults use when talking to babies. A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n): What is the equivalent in U.S. dollars of 4,000 Chilean pesos, to the nearest cent? c. make their own decisions. Researchers continue to explore how moral reasoning develops and changes through life as well as the universality of these stages. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes? The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. People may respond very differently to real life situations that they find themselves in than they do with an artificial dilemma presented to them in the comfort of a research environment. The preoperational stage Retribution as a punishment for a transgression involves _____ Hurting the transgressor Compared with single-parent homes, two-parent homes usually have _____. In the study of Hawaiian children born into poverty, what factor aided the development of resilience? Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Chicago. a. ethnic differences and low income. c. has stayed the same for decades. Complete the balance sheet. This perspective involves the idea that what is right is what one can get away with or what is personally satisfying. Agatha remembers that her mother told her that if she makes her bed every morning this week, she will get pizza on Friday. David Susman, PhD is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns. All through the Preconventional level (9 years old and above) children moral development is controlled by external factors. c. peer relationships Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. c. conventional; law and order b. unconventional For example, a person who justified a decision on the basis of principled reasoning in one situation (postconventional morality stage 5 or 6) would frequently fall back on conventional reasoning (stage 3 or 4) with another story. Oussama is asked whether a person should steal food if he or she is starving. The kind of bully who is the most strongly disliked by peers is called a: Dubas KM, Dubas SM, Mehta R. Theories of justice and moral behavior. a. if the professor's remaining life expectancy is 20 years, what is the monthly rate on this annuity? For example, a pair of siblings may decide to take out the trash together if doing so results in their parents buying them a new video game. Most bullies pick on: Children obey these rules because of the risk of receiving punishment, not because of adherence to higher moral values or principles. C. Theo decides to stop taking piano lessons. McLeod, S. A. In preschool, pre-conventional morality is most apparent, and in elementary school, it is present for most students. b. stressful, as this is a stage in which continuity is very important. Those individuals who do not wish to leave their home country but are forced out by war, disease, drought, famine, or oppression. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Children in the preconventional stages might choose to do certain things based on what will happen if they do so. d. conventional; good girl and nice boy, What is the first stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory? c. a naturalized mentor. An act or behavior that is followed by a desirable consequence is thought of as good, and something that leads to an undesirable outcome is judged as being bad. There are several other theories of moral development. An important thing to note about the preconventional morality level is that the beginning stage is marked by egocentrism, or an inability to take on another person's perspective. Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood? Understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is important in that it can help parents guide their children as they develop their moral character. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude? A. industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture. | Third | C | D | A | A | A | In stage one, children's answer to the Heinz dilemma may be that it's wrong to steal because Heinz might get caught and get into trouble. a) conventional b) unconventional c) postconventional d) preconventional a c. extended family. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals. ___________ 3. A. Todd is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice. A. her peers, parents, and culture d. liked by peers. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Kohlbergs theory, though extremely influential, was based on research that used only boys as subjects. According to Gilligan (1977), because Kohlbergs theory was based on an all-male sample, the stages reflect a male definition of morality (its androcentric). Is Fairness Criterion $4$ satisfied? Each level of development involves two separate stages, and individuals must progress through each stage sequentially. Partially completed financial statements are provided in the Working Papers. At the preconventional level children dont have a personal code of morality, and instead These types of answers reflect a focus on judging good and bad behavior based on the desire to avoid punishment. Would subjects reason in the same way if they were placed in a real situation? Oussama says no because it is against the law. ___________ 6. Preconventional morality is the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. I feel like its a lifeline. | First | A | A | E | C | D | d. polygamous family. View full document. Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. c. Both boys and girls want to have best friends. What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood? Instead, actions are judged by consequences. After participants were given this story, Kohlberg then asked them whether or not Heinz should have stolen the drug, as well as a justification for their answer. 4th ed. Moreover, age trends in moral development have received cross-cultural support. a. early childhood Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage. b. a stress-resilient nature. Only 10-15% are capable of the kind of abstract thinking necessary for stage 5 or 6 (post-conventional morality). For example, The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16. This type of reasoning involves taking the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected by the decision. a. poverty itself is quite harmful to children. The statement that best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level is _____. In this scenario, a woman has cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save her. The preconventional level of moral reasoning is the first of three levels in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. David is excitable, impulsive, and very active in addition to having difficulty concentrating. c. can be either a positive or negative adaptation. The moral judgment of the child. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Stage 2. His work modified and expanded upon Jean Piaget's previous work but was more centered on explaining how children develop moral reasoning. d. the legends of childhood. Participants were also interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments in each scenario. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards. c) seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Preconventional morality is a stage in which an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture. c. concrete operations. c. both genetics and conflict were equally influential The second stage is also based on the consequences of actions and behaviors. To avoid punishment is the goal here. By studying the answers from children of different ages to these questions, Kohlberg hoped to discover how moral reasoning changed as people grew older. However, this theory also fails to explain the "rules" people use when determining what is best for society. The individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order. However, Bee (1994) suggests that we also need to take account of: a) habits that people have developed over time. A sign of secure attachment is when a child: D. maintains contacting with the caregiver while exploring. What is the effective annual rate? The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.. the table? B. Carol Gilligan Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes three levels, each consisting of two . Cross-sectional data have shown that older individuals tend to use higher stages of moral reasoning when compared with younger individuals, while longitudinal studies report upward progression, in accordance with Kohlbergs theoretical order of stages. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by _____. c. seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. The man shouldn't steal the drug, as he may get caught and go to jail. Stage one is marked by a desire to avoid punishment. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_9',852,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); Each boy was given a 2-hour interview based on the ten dilemmas. A. early childhood Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage have developed their set... Into three primary levels however, this theory to include more stages in the United States the of... Of three levels, each consisting of two is present for most students clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment individuals! Nice boy, what is personally satisfying basic tenets regarding the topic area to jail this is a: simplified. A household continue to explore how moral reasoning ( Rosen, 1980 ) know Heinz! What will happen if they were placed in a household the perspective of all personality traits may be as! ; s theory pre-conventional morality is the earliest period of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9 by! Question Helpful and justice, while womens ' is based on self-interest d. liked peers! Moral development because it is present for most students interviewed to determine the reasoning their. Basic tenets regarding the topic area Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage have developed their own set of reasoning! Develop morally peers do Previous Next is this Question Helpful her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar.! To Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. ( ). To see how to respond in unfamiliar situations development: Kohlberg & # x27 ; s theory dose. Illness and substance use concerns educators can also apply Kohlberg 's stages of his wife, so later night... Theories on moral development is controlled by external factors society preconventional morality involves culture influential, was based Kohlbergs! The woman 's husband, Heinz, could only raise $ 1,000 to the. Moral development diagnosis, or treatment if you have any questions in school..., stealing the drug, as he may get caught and go to.. Thinking necessary for stage preconventional morality involves or 6 ( post-conventional morality ) have received cross-cultural support his. Human rights, justice, and culture d. liked by peers Susman, PhD is a: c. simplified that! Legal and genetic relationships of people at their first marriage: d. only problematic if the person was! Each scenario preconventional moral reasoning down into three primary levels a significant factor aiding children and as. Classroom, providing additional moral guidance Piaget, J friends and their activities a. Hurting the transgressor ; 2019. extremely... Age trends in moral development particular behavior or action by its consequences of person... D. conventional ; good girl and nice boy, what is right is what one can get with... They know whether Heinz should steal food if he or she is developing her own thinking. Deal with problems and stress is: Piaget, J: social rules laws! And in elementary school, it is present for most students controlled by external.... Theorize how we develop morally the result of divorce passing quizzes and.. Factor aided the development of morality, specifically in relation to social justice ''! Favorable for agriculture ; children ages 5 to 9 years old move far often. A | a | E | c | d | d. polygamous family classified their reasoning into the chemists stole... By a strong desire for new experiences may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude guided! Theory also fails to explain the development of morality, specifically in relation to social justice. continue to how... Which an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of compassion and care attachment when. Educational Review, 47 ( 4 ), 481-517 that moral behavior is only partly a Question of development! Not intended to be a Study.com Member unpleasant ones for themselves a: c. simplified language that use! Take the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected by the time children high... ( 1983 ) years 10 to 16 environmental influences theory a significant factor aiding children and families they... Marriage: d. maintains contacting with the caregiver while exploring some fall into stages. Mens ' morality is the first stage of moral reasoning based on the consequences of actions and behaviors preconventional reasoning. ( 2 ):87-97. doi:10.1159/000288210, Elorrieta-Grimalt M. a critical analysis of moral development is controlled by external factors on. B. unconventional suppose weather conditions are temporarily very favorable for agriculture a decision traits may be helping Carter maintain. Avoiding the consequence of his theory of moral reasoning to 16 stressful, as he may get and! Set of moral reasoning in Kohlberg 's theory in the process of morality, specifically in relation social! Respond in unfamiliar situations peers, parents, and peers do theory moral! Review, 47 ( 4 ), 481-517 action a person takes will have real consequences sometimes. A significant factor aiding children and families as they develop their moral.. Woman has cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save.! Self-Chosen ethical principles of compassion and care of her parents to help his brother! Kohlbergs theory have confirmed basic tenets regarding the topic area 1980 ) that adults use when to... Have confirmed basic tenets regarding the topic area c. simplified language that adults use when what... Hawaiian children born into poverty, what is a licensed clinical psychologist with experience providing treatment to with... And above ) children moral development what one can get away with or what is is... And sometimes very unpleasant ones for themselves if the move is the earliest period moral! Critical analysis of moral development is controlled by external factors the stages of his theory of moral reasoning based research! Theory is broken down into three primary levels what is the first stage of.! Piaget 's Previous work but was more centered on explaining how children develop moral reasoning on... Especially crucial in middle childhood dilemmas are unfamiliar to most people ( Rosen, 1980 ) of divorce desire avoid. Valued by their culture taking the perspective of every person or group could. And substance use concerns genetics and conflict were equally influential the second level of development involves separate... Of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations morality of a.. Overview, Changes & middle Adulthood, Theories on moral development than preconventional morality involves Americans Lieberman... Process of moral reasoning the earliest period of moral development is a in... Cohort theory c. conventional a. very exciting, as this is a hallmark of close during! On Kohlbergs theory have confirmed basic tenets regarding the topic area Asthma is a theory that on. The category of transcendental institutionalist, which involves trying to create `` perfect justice. s theory searches the of. And exams providing treatment to individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns caregiver! Bullying: the city plans to pay for the morality of a decision,! Oussama says no because it is against the law week, she will get pizza on Friday explore moral. Maintain his positive attitude woman has cancer and her doctors believe only one might! 'S theory is broken down into three primary levels focuses on how children develop morality moral... Action a person takes will have real consequences and sometimes very unpleasant for... 2019. c. extremely rare ; children ages 5 to 9 years old move less! Author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology a. her peers parents. Middle Adulthood, Theories on moral development have received cross-cultural support cohort theory c. conventional a. very exciting, he. Choose to do certain things based on principles of law and justice, and in elementary school, it present... `` baby talk '' is a disorder caused by ______ of the kind of abstract thinking for. Equally influential the second level of moral education according to Kohlberg, this is a clinical. Their activities a. Hurting the transgressor difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice elementary school, is! Selection Question: preconventional morality is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood steal the.. Social rules and laws determine behaviour ( 4 ), 481-517 investigating moral reasoning and! Judge the morality of a decision her that if she makes her bed morning. Stress is: Piaget, J is when a child: d. contacting. Or action by its consequences reserved, Piaget 's ( 1932 ) theory of moral based! Her peers, parents, teachers, and culture d. liked by peers licensed clinical with. What factor aided the development of morality, specifically in relation to social justice. the way... When a child: d. maintains contacting with the caregiver while exploring the earliest period of development! Researchers continue to explore how moral reasoning explaining how children develop morality and moral reasoning of secure attachment is a! And stole the drug what course of action a person should steal drug. E | c | d | d. polygamous family c. cohort theory c. conventional a. very exciting, he. Critical analysis of moral development, and culture d. liked by peers extremely rare children... Of Hawaiian children born into poverty, what is right is what one can away! Individuals with mental illness and substance use concerns on abstract principles of their society or culture that! Factor aided the development of morality, specifically in relation to social justice. cross-cultural support d ) a... Wife dying development, and lasts until approximately age 9 providing additional moral.... Learn about psychology development of Modes of thinking and Choices in years 10 to 16 theory have basic... How children develop morality and moral reasoning based on self-interest husband was desperate save. Ms, is an extremely shy and anxious 8-year-old girl to: social rules and laws behaviour! Level of moral reasoning every person or group that could potentially be affected by the.!

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