and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. However, acacia plantations throughout Vietnam have been widely infected by Ceratocystis manginecans wilt disease, posing a serious threat to … are increasingly planted in Indonesia with this resource currently being utilised in pulp and rayon production. As a consequence, and on severely affected mineral soils in equatorial tropical environments in particular, A. mangium may no longer be capable of producing commercial yields after three rotations. 1997. Acacia mangium honey. The disease appears to be spreading in this plantation, affecting both seedlings in the nursery and mature trees in the field. They also hunt for food inside the forest and collect wild fruits and vegetables as their sources of foods. This guide will help readers recognize symptoms of ill health in trees and understand their general significance. . Structural host responses of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita to artificial infection with the root rot pathogen, Ganoderma philippii. In this experiment, 100‐tree plots were established in commercial plantings of A. mangium at five sites which represented the range of growing conditions used for plantation establishment in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to characterize the botryosphaeriaceous fungi associated with decline symptoms observed in Acacia mangium … Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science. Annex 8: Incidence and severity of root disease at Acacia mangium plantations in the Multi-Storied Forest Management Project. Acacia mangium is the main plantation species in Vietnam, accounting for more than 54% of the plantation forest estate. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysian Timber Industry Board and Asian Development Bank. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 6: 37-47. Iriantoc, E. Santosoc, M. Turjamanc, E. Widyatic, I. Sitepuc, C.L. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Acacia may need occasional pruning during the dry months. The disease is caused by a species of the rust Uromycladium, most likely U. tepperianum. On the peninsula no new significant Acacia plantations have been established apart from those previously planted by government projects. 1990. The disease is controlled in the nursery with fungicidal sprays, but no control measures are currently applied in the field. Unsound knots and wane (defective edges or corners on a plank of wood) are prevalent in sawn timber from A. mangium affected by heart rot, which reduces yield, especially of small logs (Ho and Sim, 1994). Sexuality and mating types of Ganoderma philippii, Ganoderma mastoporum and Ganoderma australe, three basidiomycete fungi with contrasting ecological roles in south-east Asian pulpwood plantations. Crown colour and density were poor predictors of either the presence or severity of infections. Ceratocystis wilt and canker disease has severely compromised the profitability of Acacia mangium plantations in Southeast Asia. Paths to sustainable wood supply to the pulp and paper industry in Indonesia after diseases have forced a change of species from acacia to eucalypts. It is not inconceivable that the infection of the Sabah plantations in 1992 had its origin in the Philippines, given the proximity of Sabah to Mindanao, the dispersal of the spores by wind and the high volume of traffic between the two regions. However, no figures are available on the impact of the disease in the plantations. 1988. The rot is confined to small pockets in the heartwood but occasionally is found throughout the length of bole, especially in older trees. Later, in the continued absence of local pulp and paper mills, there was an intention to use Pinus spp. Forest plantations. However, to date there are no data to support these predictions. Ivory, M.H. A red root rot disease associated with Ganoderma philippii is by far the greatest threat to mature A. mangium plantations. Although the initial panic was a reaction to heart rot, A. mangium is susceptible to other more serious diseases which impair growth or cause tree mortality. Ganoderma philippii Prior to the moratorium on A. mangium planting imposed because of heart rot in 1992, all A. mangium plantations in Peninsular Malaysia were developed by the federal government. A. mangium, planted on a 15-year rotation for production of general-utility timber, came to constitute the largest area of forest plantations in the country. Mahmud, S., Lee, S.S. & Ahmad, H.H. 2000. F. moluccana plantations in Malaysia are largely confined to the state of Sabah, where they cover an estimated 12 000 ha (Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah, 2004). Of these diseases, heart rot is Beehives in Acacia mangium plantations produce up to 110 kg or 242.5 lbs of honey per hive per year, which is important for local economies and employment. Pink disease, caused by the basidiomycete fungi Corticum salmonicolor, has been known to infect 17% of A. mangium in Malaysia. Learn about our remote access options, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas, Australia, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Hobart, Tas, Australia, FORDA Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, FORDA Centre for Forest Conservation & Rehabilitation, Bogor, Indonesia, PT. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1: 170-177. It has become a major industrial plantation species in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. 2004. The rot is only evident when the tree is felled. FRIM Research Pamphlet, 114: 16-21. Bridge & M. Holderness, eds. Flood, P.D. Spores of the fungus are wind dispersed and it would appear that the disease is spreading to Malaysia from neighbouring Kalimantan. Young shoots may wilt and trees in advanced states of root rot are very prone to wind throw. Canonical discriminant analysis correctly allocated >90% trees into their correct group on the first monitoring and similarly classified whether trees would be dead or missing in the following monitoring. Alien and native species have been known to coexist in harmony without any deleterious effects on sites or the capacity to deliver services to society, and in some cases such new forests can reverse site degradation processes (Lugo and Brandeis, 2003). In 2000, the species accounted for over one million ha of landuse in South-East Asia (FAO 2000) . Su See Lee is Senior Research Officer at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Discoloration and heart rot of Acacia mangium Willd. 1993. The most publicized of these is heart rot; yet two other diseases, root rot and phyllode rust, have turned out to be far more threatening. Acacia mangium is in subgenus Phyllodinae, a group containing in excess of 900 species (Maslin and McDonald, 1996). The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Of the diseases identified in A. mangium plantations, * Author for correspondence. Role of site in the mortality and production of It is mainly planted in large monocultures for pulpwood in South‐East Asia. A rust epidemic of the coffee shade tree (Paraserianthes falcataria) in East Timor. The Sabah Forestry Development Authority (SAFODA) was established in 1976 for the rehabilitation of degraded areas and planted mainly A. mangium. Leaves of affected trees turn pale green and are much reduced in size and number. and other legumes. Lee, S.S. 2000. Sawn timber from Acacia mangium affected by heartrot. Acacia The hybridAcaciaalso showed more resistance to heart rot disease - a diesease that occurs in A. mangium and it was observed that the species grows vigorously resisting heart rot disease in the forest plantations (Banik and Islam 1996). Old, K.M., Lee, S.S., Shama, J.K. & Yuan, Z.Q. Products and market potential for Acacia and other plantation species. The hybrid’s branching behaviour differs from Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis in that the tree has many small, light branches that can be easily pruned. Where mortality resulting from root rot is high, planting of resistant Acacia cultivars or alternative species may have to be considered. Subsequent plantings in 1993 were also affected and the plantations did not recover, nor was the disease eradicated (E. Gan, personal communication). & Sim, H.C. 1994. However, the volume of wood affected is usually rather small; mean volume loss is only about 1 percent of merchantable volume. In K.M. Another disease with potentially devastating effects is a phyllode rust associated with the fungus Atelocauda digitata. wilt and canker – a disease that compromises the growing of commercial It grows rapidly in sites with low levels of soil nutrients, even on acidic soils and degraded sites (National Research Council 1983). ), approximately 60 percent has been planted with the fast-growing exotic A. mangium. Certified Source Timber Programme. Root rot is the most important disease affectingAcacia trees,includingA. Identification of basidiomycete fungi in Indonesian hardwood plantations by DNA barcoding. Most acacia plants (Acacia spp.) & Lee, S.S. 1994. By the end of the monitoring period >40% of trees were classified as dead/missing, although this value varied from 20 to 70% depending on site, tree age and rotation. In addition, other as yet unknown diseases could appear as areas under forest plantations expand and other tree species are planted. Plantations of a number of other exotic species such as Acacia mangium, Araucaria spp., Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Maesopsis eminii and Falcataria moluccana (=Paraserianthes falcataria) were established in the 1980s with the aim of producing general utility timber. Insect pests and diseases routinely affect the health of trees, and major outbreaks can give catastrophic environmental and economic impacts. Similarly, Sabah Softwoods was established in Sabah in 1974 to plant Pinus caribaea for the pulp industry, but slow growth and seed supply problems led to replacement of the pines with A. mangium, F. moluccana, G. arborea and Eucalyptus deglupta. E-mail: karen.barry@utas.edu.au Species of Ceratocystis are well-known wound related pathogens of many tree species, including commercially planted Acacia spp. Ceratocystis wilt and canker disease has severely compromised the profitability of Acacia mangium plantations in Southeast Asia. However, A. mangium continues to be planted in Sabah and Sarawak for planned pulp and paper production, which is not influenced significantly by heart rot. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 11: 240-254. Infected seedlings become stunted and die after several months while infected trees in the field have sparse crowns and produce fewer flowers and pods. Special Issue: Root Rot in South‐East Asian Plantations. The most common type of heart rot found in A. mangium is a white fibrous rot which may occur as small pockets or throughout the length of the heartwood. Ho, K.S. The trees are grown on a rotation of about seven years for the production of chips and pulp. Acacia mangium Its aim is to synthesise information about this fungal pathogen that can be used to A manual of diseases of tropical acacias in Australia, South-East Asia and India. plantations in Indonesia Several species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family cause wood stain, cankers, and dieback of trunks and branches in a wide range of forest tree species. The average rate of disease development was about 0.3% per month, and average time from infection to tree death was conservatively estimated at around 1 year. Its aim is to synthesise information about this fungal pathogen that can be used to inform development of suitable disease-control strategies in forest plantations. In addition,Eucalyptus spp. Heavy infestation results in deformation of the foliage, defoliation, stunted form and reduced growth. Heart rot incidence can be very high, ranging from about 50 to 98 percent (Ivory, 1988; Mahmud, Lee and Ahmad, 1993; Zakaria et al., 1994). Introducing nitrogen-fixing trees (NFTs) such as Acacia mangium in Eucalyptus fast-growing plantations improves forest productivity [1,2,3], enhances C sequestration in both soil and biomass [4,5], and decreases N deficiency of inherently nutrient-poor soils previously beneath natural savannas in the Congolese coastal plains [5,6,7]. Signs and identification of fungal root‐rot pathogens in tropical Eucalyptus pellita plantations. The viability of these plantations is increasingly threatened by diseases and in some areas by pests. An A. auriculiformis x A. mangium hybrid is reputed to be less susceptible to heart rot than A. mangium, but there are few data to support that theory. Acacia mangium is a major plantation species in the humid tropical lowlands of Asia. The relationship between occurrence of root rot and soils is at present unclear and warrants further study. Repeated monitoring at approximately 6‐month intervals of above‐ and below‐ground variables was used to explore relationships between measures of tree health and root rot. However, as the plantations grew they turned out to be prone to a number of diseases. It has been recognized since the 1980s that A. mangium is prone to heart rot, a stem defect which is closely associated with fungal infection of branch stubs, wounds from pruning and singling (pruning of multiple stems to leave a single leader shoot) and forking injuries (Ivory, 1988; Lee et al., 1988). Lee, S.S. & Noraini Sikin, Y. Therefore, there is always a need for vigilance and regular disease monitoring and/or surveys so that any new diseases may be rapidly detected and suitable management or control measures implemented without delay. 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