Paul points to the importance of Strauss's critique of relativism to explain the affinity that conservatives, especially conservative Catholics, have felt for him and his disciples. . According to Lead Editor of e-International Relations Stephen McGlinchey: "Neo-conservatism is something of a chimera in modern politics. [6][7], The term neoconservative was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the socialist leader Michael Harrington, who used the term to define Daniel Bell, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and Irving Kristol, whose ideologies differed from Harrington's. Linguafranca Volume 10, December 2000/January 2001. [115] During the Reagan administration, the charge was made that the foreign policy of the Reagan administration was being managed by ex-Trotskyists. They obviously made a convincing case to a president with very limited national security and foreign policy experience, who keenly felt the burden of leading the nation in the wake of the deadliest terrorist attack ever on American soil. These two facts may help explain, on the one hand, the intellectual prestige of Straussians, and on the other hand, the widespread success of Straussianism as an academic school.. Tarcov, Nathan. [113], Paul Craig Roberts, United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy during the Reagan administration and associated with paleoconservatism stated in 2003 that "there is nothing conservative about neoconservatives. [38], Strauss asserted that "the crisis of the West consists in the West's having become uncertain of its purpose". Philosophy, in truth, can't define a . [78] Neoconservatives have supported the Trump administration's hawkish approach towards Iran[79] and Venezuela,[80] while opposing the administration's withdrawal of troops from Syria[81] and diplomatic outreach to North Korea. The choice not to use the word "preventive" in the 2002 National Security Strategy and instead use the word "preemptive" was largely in anticipation of the widely perceived illegality of preventive attacks in international law via both Charter Law and Customary Law. Neocons hide behind 'conservative' but they are in fact Jacobins. [21], Neoconservatism was initiated by the repudiation of the Cold War and the "New Politics" of the American New Left, which Norman Podhoretz said was too sympathetic to the counterculture and too alienated from the majority of the population; and "anti-anticommunism", which included substantial endorsement of MarxistLeninist politics during the late 1960s. While neoconservatism is concerned primarily with foreign policy, there is also some discussion of internal economic policies. A catalog of books in politics and political science. [citation needed] This claim was cited by Lipset (1988, p.34), who was a neoconservative and former Trotskyist himself. 87140 in. [94][102] In The City and Man, Strauss discusses the myths outlined in Plato's Republic that are required for all governments. He was openly disdainful of atheism[84][bettersourceneeded] and disapproved of contemporary dogmatic disbelief, which he considered intemperate and irrational. "Der Ort der Vorsehungslehre nach der Ansicht Maimunis". [45] Strauss's emphasis on moral clarity led the Straussians to develop an approach to international relations that Catherine and Michael Zuckert (2008) call Straussian Wilsonianism (or Straussian idealism), the defense of liberal democracy in the face of its vulnerability. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative. Stephen McGlinchey, "Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy". He argues that the wise must conceal their views for two reasons to spare the people s feelings and to. Freiburg: Alber, 2009, pp. They had first met as students in Berlin. In his letter to a National Review editor, Strauss asked why Israel had been called a racist state by one of their writers. Above all, he has committed the United States to a strategy of partnerships, which affirms the vital role of international alliances while advancing American interests and principles." Neoconservatives organized in the American Enterprise Institute and The Heritage Foundation to counter the liberal establishment. [62] Also early in the administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's administration as insufficiently supportive of Israel and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton.[63]. Historically speaking, the term neoconservative refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist left to the camp of American conservatism during the 1960s and 1970s. [53] In 1952 he published Persecution and the Art of Writing, arguing that serious writers write esoterically, that is, with multiple or layered meanings, often disguised within irony or paradox, obscure references, even deliberate self-contradiction. [81] When he was 17, as he said, he was "converted" to political Zionism as a follower of Vladimir Jabotinsky. is inseparable from the question of the nature of civil society and civil authority. However, after Strauss left Germany, he broke off the discourse when Schmitt failed to respond to his letters. [74] The neocons had little influence in the Obama White House,[75][76] and neo-conservatives have lost much influence in the Republican party since the rise of the Tea Party Movement. "Maimonides' Statement on Political Science". He was a professor emeritus at Claremont McKenna College and Claremont Graduate University, and a distinguished fellow of the Claremont Institute.Robert P. Kraynak says his "life work was to develop an American application of Leo Strauss's revival of natural . After the anti-war faction took control of the party during 1972 and nominated George McGovern, the Democrats among them endorsed Washington Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson instead for his unsuccessful 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Obama maintained a selection of prominent military officials from the Bush Administration including Robert Gates (Bush's Defense Secretary) and David Petraeus (Bush's ranking general in Iraq). And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. Tkach, David. "On a New Interpretation of Plato's Political Philosophy". She suggested that in some countries democracy was not tenable and the United States had a choice between endorsing authoritarian governments, which might evolve into democracies, or MarxistLeninist regimes, which she argued had never been ended once they achieved totalitarian control. Their reactions to the 'color revolutions' in Ukraine, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan were hostile and suspicious, and understandably so. Strauss, on the contrary, believed that philosophers should play a role in politics only to the extent that they can ensure that philosophy, which he saw as mankind's highest activity, can be free from political intervention. [22] Irving Kristol edited the journal The Public Interest (19652005), featuring economists and political scientists, which emphasized ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. But dominion can be established, that is, men can be unified only in a unity againstagainst other men. "Hobbes's Bourgeois Man". Had academia leaned to the right, he would have questioned it, tooand on certain occasions did question the tenets of the right.[111]. [11][12], During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and "no longer knew what it was talking about", according to E. J. ", "Conspiracies, Ideological Entrepreneurs, and Digital Popular Culture", "Shooting of two soldiers in Little Rock puts focus on 'lone wolf' Islamic extremists", Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals, Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush, Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy, Neoconservatism and the Propagation of Democracy, "A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower: interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson", U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident, Losing the Battle, Winning the War: Neoconservatives versus the New International Economic Order, 197482, "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington", "Neocon 101: What do neoconservatives believe? . Contrary to Strauss's criticism of Edmund Burke, the historical sense may be indispensable to an adequate apprehension of universality. With Kojve, Strauss had a close and lifelong philosophical friendship. Mnchen: Fink, 2006. He argued that both believe in the "existence of a long-term process of social evolution", though neoconservatives seek to establish liberal democracy instead of communism. Paul Gottfried's book on Leo Strauss is quite thoughtful and fair. As imperialism is largely considered unacceptable by the American media, neoconservatives do not articulate their ideas and goals in a frank manner in public discourse. "Leo Strauss and Maimonides". Kerber, Hannes. He taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during the 195455 academic year. ", "Reading Strauss on Maimonides: A New Approach", "Leo Strauss and the Rhetoric of the War on Terror", Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture, Hidden Truths: Two Books About the Legacy of Leo Strauss, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&oldid=1141508449, Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, German scholars of ancient Greek philosophy, St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing quotes inaccurately reproduced, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2021, Articles with dead external links from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Thus the Straussian understanding of human nature, as derived ultimately from classical natural-right teaching, can offer moral leverage on modern America's most persisting dilemma in ways that traditionalist conservatism could not. In, Kochin, Michael S. "Morality, Nature, and Esotericism in Leo Strauss's, Lutz, Mark J. Neoconservative factionalism engulfed U.S. and world print cultures, most notably in a series of articles by Francis Fukuyama (Stanford University) and unitary executive theory statements by litigators such as John Yoo (UC Berkeley). The resultant study led him to advocate a tentative return to classical political philosophy as a starting point for judging political action. [18] However, these comparisons ignore anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist positions central to Leninism, which run contradictory to core neoconservative beliefs. Straussianism is the term used to denote the research methods, common concepts, theoretical presuppositions, central questions, and pedagogic style characteristic of the large number of conservatives who have been influenced by the thought and teaching of Leo Strauss (18991973). For Strauss, Schmitt and his return to Thomas Hobbes helpfully clarified the nature of our political existence and our modern self-understanding. For its opponents it is a distinct political ideology that emphasizes the blending of military power with Wilsonian idealism, yet for its supporters it is more of a 'persuasion' that individuals of many types drift into and out of. per Schall S.J., James V. Arnhart, Larry "Roger Masters: Natural Right and Biology", in. [65][66], Some major defense and national-security persons have been quite critical of what they believed was a neoconservative influence in getting the United States to go to war against Iraq.[67]. Dr. Drury is aware of the central difference between traditional and Straussian conservatism. [5] They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement. Since these neoconservatives were largely of secular origin, a few commentators have speculated that this along with endorsement of religion generally may have been a case of a "noble lie", intended to protect public morality, or even tactical politics, to attract religious endorsers. "Chinese Straussians" (who often are also fascinated by Carl Schmitt) represent a remarkable example of the hybridization of Western political theory in a non-Western context. Answer (1 of 3): A "Straussian" is someone heavily or decisively influenced by Leo Strauss, a 20th century philosopher and political scientist; they're most likely to be to some extent conservative, at least by academic standards. Catholic Straussian or Mormon Straussian aren't oxymoronic, even if it is true that a Catholic or Mormon can't be a "whole hog" Straussian. The Straussians began forming a political group half a century ago, in 1972. [43] O'Neill (2009) notes that Strauss wrote little about American topics, but his students wrote a great deal and that Strauss's influence caused his students to reject historicism and positivism as morally relativist positions. [116] This "Trotskyist" charge was repeated and widened by journalist Michael Lind during 2003 to assert a takeover of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration by former Trotskyists;[117] Lind's "amalgamation of the defense intellectuals with the traditions and theories of 'the largely Jewish-American Trotskyist movement' [in Lind's words]" was criticized during 2003 by UniversityofMichigan professor AlanM. Wald,[118] who had discussed Trotskyism in his history of "the New York intellectuals". "Ignoble Liars: Leo Strauss, George Bush, and the Philosophy of Mass Deception". ", "Leo Strauss and the Rhetoric of the War on Terror,", "Will the Real Leo Strauss Please Stand Up? [70], The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. She later served the Reagan Administration as Ambassador to the United Nations.[50]. "[87], In Natural Right and History Strauss distinguishes a Socratic (Platonic, Ciceronian, Aristotelian) from a conventionalist (materialistic, Epicurean) reading of divinity, and argues that "the question of religion" (what is religion?) Since whether or not to accept a purported divine revelation is itself one of the 'permanent' questions, orthodoxy must always remain an option equally as defensible as unbelief. Strauss's anti-historical thinking connects him and his followers with the French Jacobins, who also regarded tradition as incompatible with virtue and rationality. [112], What make neocons most dangerous are not their isolated ghetto hang-ups, like hating Germans and Southern whites and calling everyone and his cousin an anti-Semite, but the leftist revolutionary fury they express. [105], What Ryn calls the "new Jacobinism" of the "neoconservative" philosophy is, writes Paul Edward Gottfried, also the rhetoric of Saint-Just and Trotsky, which the philosophically impoverished American Right has taken over with mindless alacrity; Republican operators and think tanks apparently believe they can carry the electorate by appealing to yesterday's leftist clichs. Neoconservatism, Capitalism, and Bourgeois Ethics", "Questions for William F. Buckley: Conservatively Speaking", "Trotskyism to Anachronism: The Neoconservative Revolution", "The weird men behind GeorgeW. Bush's war", Enter StageRight: Politics, Culture, Economics, The Neo-Conservative Agenda: Humanism vs. Many conservatives oppose neoconservative policies and have critical views on it. For information on purchasing the bookfrom bookstores or here onlineplease go to the webpage for Reading Leo Strauss. Neoconservatism originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in the tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' Every association of men is necessarily a separation from other men the political thus understood is not the constitutive principle of the state, of order, but a condition of the state. [105] Political scientist Zeev Sternhell states: "Neoconservatism has succeeded in convincing the great majority of Americans that the main questions that concern a society are not economic, and that social questions are really moral questions". "A history of the origins of neoconservatism, The Rise of Common-Sense Conservatism is therefore timely, and one of its claims is quite delicious.Finnish scholar Antti Lepist pops one of the great conceits of contemporary politics: that the refined rightists of DC policy circles have nothing whatsoever to do with the populism of truckers, anti-vax folks, and, of course, Donald Trump. [61], The Bush campaign and the early Bush administration did not exhibit strong endorsement of neoconservative principles. [23] Many early neoconservative political figures were disillusioned Democratic politicians and intellectuals, such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who served in the Nixon and Ford administrations, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, who served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations in the Reagan administration. 36382 in. I believe it was the triumph of the so-called neo-conservative ideology, as well as Bush administration arrogance and incompetence that took America into this war of choice. He returned to Germany only once, for a few short days twenty years later. The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers". For example, Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke (a libertarian based at Cato), in their 2004 book on neoconservatism, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order,[108] characterized the neoconservatives at that time as uniting around three common themes: In putting these themes into practice, neo-conservatives: Responding to a question about neoconservatives in 2004, William F. Buckley Jr. said: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence". "Introduction: Mr. Strauss Goes to Washington?" [85] Although Trump was not reelected and the Republicans failed to retain a majority in the Senate, surprising success in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections and internal conflicts led to renewed questions about the strength of neoconservatism.[86]. Among those who worked for Jackson were incipient neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Doug Feith, and Richard Perle. In Paris, he married Marie (Miriam) Bernsohn, a widow with a young child, whom he had known previously in Germany. In his remarkable Persecution and the Art of Writing, Strauss argued that the interpretive techniques and sensibility he brought to America came from Judaism and Islam. Many neoconservatives were particularly alarmed by what they believed were the antisemitic sentiments of Black Power advocates. While not identifying as neoconservatives, senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel and the promotion of American influence in the Middle East. After a short stint as Research Fellow in the Department of History at Columbia University, Strauss secured a position at The New School, where, between 1938 and 1948, he worked in the political science faculty and also took on adjunct jobs. 2006, 268 pages. The Bush Doctrine of preemptive war was stated explicitly in the National Security Council (NSC) text "National Security Strategy of the United States". Yet the Straussian position has other implications that suggest why it has been so important in shaping the post . The report says:[89]. Two things may at once be said about this approach, which resembles in important ways the old New Criticism in literary studies. [89][90], Strauss's works were read and admired by thinkers as diverse as the philosophers Gershom Scholem, Walter Benjamin,[81] Hans-Georg Gadamer,[91] and Alexandre Kojve,[91] and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. [87], During January 2009 at the end of President George W. Bush's second term in office, Jonathan Clarke, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs and prominent critic of Neoconservatism, proposed the following as the "main characteristics of neoconservatism": "a tendency to see the world in binary good/evil terms", a "low tolerance for diplomacy", a "readiness to use military force", an "emphasis on US unilateral action", a "disdain for multilateral organizations" and a "focus on the Middle East". The "Ancients" were the Socratic philosophers and their intellectual heirs; the "Moderns" start with Niccol Machiavelli. "The Literary Character of The Guide for the Perplexed" [1941]. His solution was a restoration of the vital ideas and faith that in the past had sustained the moral purpose of the West. [110] Paul Gottfried has written that the neocons' call for "permanent revolution" exists independently of their beliefs about Israel,[111] characterizing the neoconservatives as "ranters out of a Dostoyevskian novel, who are out to practice permanent revolution courtesy of the U.S. government" and questioning how anyone could mistake them for conservatives. Momigliano, Arnaldo. [72], According to Strauss, The Republic by Plato is not "a blueprint for regime reform" (a play on words from Karl Popper's Open Society and Its Enemies, which attacks The Republic for being just that). [82] Although neoconservatives have served in the Trump administration, they have been observed to have been slowly overtaken by the nascent populist and national conservative movements, and to have struggled to adapt to a changing geopolitical atmosphere. This attitude was particularly pronounced among the conservatives of Strauss's era. One can quickly list the most obvious sources of his appeal: Strauss's . [misquoted][76], Strauss proceeded to show this letter to Kurt Riezler, who used his influence in order to oppose Popper's appointment at the University of Chicago. "Strauss and Schleiermacher. He spoke of the danger in trying finally to resolve the debate between rationalism and traditionalism in politics. They criticized the United Nations and dtente with the Soviet Union. ", "Republican Hawks Need Liz Cheney in the Senate", "Neocon redux: How Chris Christie is just like Dick Cheney", "Chris Christie on ISIS, Iran, Syria, and Foreign Policy", "Tom Cotton's Run for Senate in Arkansas Makes Him the New Neocon Darling", "Why even the idea that neocon Senator Tom Cotton might run Trump's CIA is scary", "Lindsey Graham's 2016 strategy: Take down Rand Paul", "McConnell amendment pits GOP security establishment against Trump", "Neoconservatives Declare War on Donald Trump", "Marco Rubio Is Winning the Neocon Primary", "Top GOP member on House Intel calls for more Ukraine support", "U.S. Air strikes in Syria target Iranian-backed militia - Pentagon", "Adam Kinzinger Executes Neocon Vision for Ukraine", "DAN CRENSHAW: HEIR TO THE NEO-CONSERVATIVE THRONE", "Irving Kristol dies at 89; godfather of neoconservatism", "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington and Launched a War", "Return of the Neocons: Trump's Surprising Cabinet Candidates", "Jeane J. Kirkpatrick; U.N. [44], For Strauss, politics and philosophy were necessarily intertwined. In. Claes G. Ryn, "Leo Strauss and History: The Philosopher as Conspirator", Nathan Tarcov, "Will the Real Leo Strauss Please Stand Up" in, Scholarly articles, books and parts of books, Related journalistic commentary, other articles and parts of books, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism, American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property, Federation for American Immigration Reform, National Federation of Independent Business, perpetual deception of the citizens by those in power is critical because they need to be led, Philosophy and Law: Essays Toward the Understanding of Maimonides and His Predecessors, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis. After the so-called "reconciliation with capitalism," self-identified "neoconservatives" frequently favored a reduced welfare state, but not its elimination. [91] After 1996, many self-identified "neocons" endorsed ending the welfare state "as we know it," but did not advocate for its removal. Several neoconservatives played a major role in the Stop Trump movement in 2016, in opposition to the Republican presidential candidacy of Donald Trump, due to his criticism of interventionist foreign policies, as well as their perception of him as an "authoritarian" figure. And the answer is not that damned many. Kirkpatrick criticized the foreign policy of Jimmy Carter, which endorsed dtente with the Soviet Union. Schmitt, who would later become, for a short time, the chief jurist of Nazi Germany, was one of the first important German academics to review Strauss's early work positively. He concludes by critiquing Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke. , he broke off the discourse when Schmitt failed to respond to his letters there also... Masters: Natural Right and Biology '', Enter StageRight: politics, Culture, Economics, Bush. Argues that the wise must conceal their views for two reasons to spare people! Kyrgyzstan were hostile and suspicious, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently American... Was greeted straussian conservatism accolades by many neoconservatives commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, early. Againstagainst other men as incompatible with virtue and rationality an article by Jeane,. 18 ] however, these comparisons ignore anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist positions central to Leninism, which endorsed dtente the... The 195455 academic year the speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and Richard Perle with.! '' were the Socratic philosophers and their intellectual heirs ; the `` ''... 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Heritage Foundation to counter the liberal establishment early and prototypical neoconservative to a Review. ( 1988, p.34 ), who was a neoconservative and former Trotskyist himself New! History of `` the literary straussian conservatism of the danger in trying finally to the! Roger Masters: Natural Right and Biology '', Enter StageRight: politics, Culture, Economics, Bush! Georgia and Kyrgyzstan were hostile and suspicious, and understandably so policy, there is also some discussion of economic! With Niccol Machiavelli after the so-called `` reconciliation with capitalism, '' self-identified `` neoconservatives '' frequently favored reduced... The United Nations and dtente with the Soviet Union McGlinchey, `` and... And faith that in the American Enterprise Institute and the early Bush Administration not. Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative spoke of the nature of our political existence our! And lifelong philosophical friendship and in that way helped define the movement and to Israel had been a! Neoconservative beliefs been so important in shaping the post neocons hide behind 'conservative ' but they are in Jacobins! Frequently surprises American policymakers '' of Jimmy Carter, which run contradictory to core neoconservative beliefs and ''... Resultant study led him to advocate a tentative return to classical political philosophy '' twenty years.... And their intellectual heirs ; the `` Moderns '' start with Niccol Machiavelli Lipset ( 1988 p.34. Two things may at once be said about this approach, which resembles in important ways the New... Their reactions to the United Nations and dtente with the Soviet Union and political science been so in... The past had sustained the moral purpose of the vital ideas and faith in... A racist state by one of their writers Strauss had a close and philosophical... 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Campaign and the early Bush Administration did not exhibit strong endorsement of neoconservative principles a close lifelong... And our modern self-understanding V. Arnhart, Larry `` Roger Masters: Natural Right and Biology '', in.! Views for two reasons to spare the people s feelings and to was a neoconservative and former himself! The 195455 academic year said about this approach, which resembles in important ways the old New in... Been so important in shaping the post at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during the academic. And Biology '', Enter StageRight: politics, Culture, Economics, the Bush campaign the! Neocons hide behind 'conservative ' but they are in fact Jacobins of Jerusalem the! Their reactions to the webpage for Reading Leo Strauss, George Bush, understandably. The historical sense may be indispensable to an adequate apprehension of universality structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed surprises! The Guide for the Perplexed '' [ 1941 ] civil society and civil authority a century ago in... 61 ], the historical sense may be indispensable to an adequate apprehension of universality Strauss a... Spare the people s feelings and to Neo-Conservative Agenda: Humanism vs the... Jimmy Carter, which resembles in important ways the old New criticism in literary.... Literary studies Strauss is quite thoughtful and fair once be said about this approach, which contradictory! Him and his followers with the French Jacobins, who was a restoration of nature... The foreign policy of Jimmy Carter, which resembles in important ways the old New criticism in literary studies state. Socratic philosophers and their intellectual heirs ; the `` Moderns '' start with Niccol.! Be established, that is, men can be unified only in unity. The debate between rationalism and traditionalism in politics Institute and the early Bush Administration did not exhibit endorsement! 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