Her explanation was that she would not sit beside a draft dodger who was a Negro as well. IV. But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage can seldom see through his bars of rage his wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat to sing. The Intellectual Freedom Blogs purpose is to educate and encourage discussions about intellectual freedom principles and promote the value of libraries, librarians, and professional membership in the American Library Association (ALA). They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage can seldom see through his bars of rage. Lines 8-11 project the rage that the bird was feeling through the bouncing rhythm. Established in 1957, the journal fosters the publication of socially engaged, innovative, and groundbreaking scholarship in language, literature, linguistics, and pedagogy cultivated by the diverse, international membership of CLA. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Mr. Freeman begins molesting eight-year-old Maya, threatening to kill Bailey if she tells anyone. 72 lessons. Feeling guilty, Maya stops speaking to anyone except Bailey. It's the recurring use of certain consonant sounds at the beginning of words, like the tongue twister, ''Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.''. Word Document File. She later reads the lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness (1928) by Radclyffe Hall, and, misunderstanding what lesbianism is, she begins to fear that she might be a lesbian. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And dips his wings in the orange sun rays and dares to claim the sky. Her precise word choice in this phrase also creates imagery in the readers mind. Maya tries to console Dolores, but Dolores insults Vivian, leading Maya to slap her. During Mr. Freemans trial, Maya lies when asked whether he touched her before the rape. What figurative language is used in caged bird? Character List. Print. 1. Sickels, Amy. Offended, Maya breaks some china in order to get fired. Her parents split up when she was very young, and she and her older brother, Bailey, were sent to live with their father's mother, Anne Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. "There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.". In this lesson, we'll take a look at some examples of rhetorical devices in Maya Angelou's, ''I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings''. Again in 2009, the book was restricted to students with parental permission at the Ocean View School District middle school libraries in Huntington Beach. Her life story is told in the documentary film And Still I Rise, as seen. $1.50. At this point, Daddy Bailey wakes up, pacifies the other driver, and then drives the rest of the way home. Bailey later sees the decaying corpse of a Black man pulled out of a pond, and a white man makes him help some Black men carry the body into the jail. 225 Michigan Ave, Chicago IL 60601www.ala.org Define electric potential and electric potential energy. CLAJ is the voice of a community of scholars, the first in establishing a forum for intellectual discourse among black scholars in language and literary studies. Publication by the Intellectual Freedom Blog does not constitute an endorsement of the content or represent the official position of OIF or ALA. 20% Please wait while we process your payment. Imagine you're having a chat with a co-worker over lunch, when your friend asks you to do something you think is impossible. Colored Methodist Episcopal Church an African-American offshoot of the Southern Methodist Church, which withdrew from the parent church in 1870 as a separate entity devoted to the evangelizing of Africa's non-Christians. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiography by Maya Angelou that was first published in 1969. Describe the relationship between potential difference and electrical potential energy. How much energy is needed to move one electron through a potential difference of 1.0 102 volts, Includes procedures and techniques that are designed to protect a computer from intentional theft. by. Though Vivian tries to reassure her, she is not assuaged, and she determines to have sex with a boy. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. All rights reserved. Of course, those two words are not anywhere near each other in the dictionary alphabetically, but the author is making a point about what sympathy is worth in her mind. She was a lifelong lover of language, performance, and learning. (including. Read Article. Previous At school, Maya and her brother are more advanced than the other students, and they are moved up a grade. Download Free PDF. This evocative first volume of her six books of autobiography, originally published in 1969 (1984 in the UK), vividly depicts Angelou's "tender years" from the ages of three to 16, partly in the. The title of this poem sets the mood for the following stanzas which submerse the audience in a sea of emotion, such as feelings of sorrow for the bird and hope that the bird will one day be free. Here are a few: Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration to help make a point. Read Article. Similes are a very popular rhetorical device, used to compare two very different things to make the text more vivid. The bird expresses himself through singing. His throat is free. She added that the least he could do was fight for his country the way her son was fighting on Iwo Jima. She eventually left Arkansas to live with her mother and attend high school in California, where she also worked as the first black streetcar employee in San Francisco. The College Language Association, founded in 1937 by a group of Black scholars and educators, is an organization of college teachers of English and foreign languages which serves the academic, scholarly and professional interests of its members and the collegiate communities they represent. Sent by their mother to live with their devout, self-sufficient grandmother in a small Southern town, Maya and her brother, Bailey, endure the ache of abandonment and the prejudice of the local `powhitetrash.` At eight years old and back at her mother s side in St. Louis, Maya is attacked by a man many times her age-and has to live with the consequences for a lifetime. Perhaps without knowing it, you've employed a rhetorical device to try to get across your point. And many times my books are banned by people who never read two sentences. The French should choke to death on the Louisiana Purchase (1803) while silkworms ate all the Chinese with their stupid pigtails. Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Summary and Analysis Introduction. No, those aren't made-up words, but real literary devices that can create a more memorable experience for readers. What brand of castor oil is best for hair? Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Teachers and parents! Renews March 8, 2023 Within each stanza there is a rhythm of rhyme as well. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiography in which Maya Angelou recounts the story of her life up to the birth of her son. Well, he's not really older than dirt, but the intended audience gets your point: He's really, really old. The Newman-Crows Landing School District challenged its inclusion on the Orestimba High School English Department in 2009 when a trustee questioned whether the schools staff was qualified to teach a novel depicting African-American culture. Maya Angelou's debut memoir is a modern American classic beloved worldwide. Thus they enjoyed neither freedom nor equality. Read the following extract from the poem 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings' and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most appropriate response from the choices given below: [15=5] A free bird leaps on the back of the wind and floats downstream till the current ends and dips his wing in the orange sun rays. A young Maya Angelou, then known as Marguerite Johnson, grows. Passage Summary: In Paul Laurence Dunbar's poem "Sympathy," Dunbar uses the experiences of a caged to bird to discuss the oppression of African Americans. for a group? Living with their grandmother, "Momma", who owns a general merchandise store, and Uncle Willie, they suffer racist incidents both in the store and on the streets nowhere feels safe. '~' There are two instances of aphorism in this quote. The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom. It takes the human voice to infuse them with shades of deeper meaning., Anything that works against you can also work for you once you understand the Principle of Reverse.. All Rights Reserved. and any corresponding bookmarks? The fact that Angelou said these commandments controlled their salvation is another witty addition that shows how seriously her grandmother's words were taken. Hyperbole works well coming from younger characters because, as children, we're more likely to over-dramatize a situation for attention. Here's where you'll find analysis of main themes, symbols, and motifsin I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. answer choices. - Contact Us - Privacy Policy - Terms and Conditions, Definition and Examples of Literary Terms, Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood, Sonnet 55: Not Marble nor the Gilded Monuments, In Memoriam A. H. H. OBIIT MDCCCXXXIII: 27. The poem is opened with complex syntax. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou Rising out of childhood's bitter memories of a too-long cut-down lavender Easter dress made from "a white woman's once-was-purple throwaway," Marguerite "Maya" Johnson, the central intelligence, or key voice, well into adulthood, recalls in a flashback her fantasy of being suddenly transformed into a white . In order to adapt to the early threat of breakdown of identity, she developed a self-defense of mutability, of which the pervasive metaphor is death. Purchasing White people were more than strangers - they were from another planet. The caged bird sings withA fearful trill of things unknownBut longed for still and hisTune is heard on the distant hillFor the caged bird sings of freedom. Maya Angelou's poem, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, presents countless metaphors illustrating the boundaries in the life of an African American. Maya browbeats the transit company into hiring her as the first female African American streetcar conductor in San Francisco. For example, her reference to her grandmother's store as a unopened present shows the importance of that place to her childhood. Maya is relieved to be back in Stamps, but she continues her silence. These two lines can be used to make the people realize about the wildlife and the value of freedom for the birds. The painful sense of being unwanted haunts her early childhood, for when Maya (then known as Marguerite) is three and her brother Bailey four they are sent to the "musty little town" of segregated Stamps, Arkansas wearing tags on their wrists addressed to "To whom it may concern", dispatched by their parents in California who had decided to end their "calamitous marriage". Mix together one part autobiography, one part romance, and one part adventure. Put your whole heart in everything you do, and pray, then you can wait., I believe most plain girls are virtuous because of the scarcity of opportunity to be otherwise., If you're for the right thing, you do it without thinking.. Many structural elements create the foundation of this poem with which Angelou then built upon. The book was nominated for a 1970 National Book Award, and in 1979, it was adapted into a film. He competes with his bigger, meaner rivals for the coins American tourists throw o the bridge between Photograph: Jemal Countess/ Getty Images for AWRT. Dont have an account? The next morning she awakes to find a group of teenagers, composed of many races, living in the junkyard, where they get along well and are all good friends. What is being defined as the degree to which something is related or useful to what is happening or being talked about? Maya Angelou originally wrote this poem for African Americans, but who is this poem for now? Updates? and the fat worms waiting on a dawn bright lawn. Now, we all know Angelou's head is not going to burst like a dropped watermelon, but the over-exaggeration gets across her point: She really, really needed to go. Momma owns the only store in the African American part of town. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Subscribe now. But a BIRD that stalks down his narrow cageCan seldom see through his bars of rageHis wings are clipped and his feet are tiedSo he opens his throat to sing. (17) $2.00. "The caged bird sings / with a fearful trill / of things . The device in this instance is an allusion, a passing reference to the strength of a superhero. In one case, the book remained in the curriculum for sophomores at Dowling High School in Des Moines, Iowa, after a 1994 challenge by a parent who objected to the books inappropriately explicit sexual scenes. The book also was challenged but retained in the Volusia County (FL) County Schools (1995); on the Beech High School reading list in Hendersonville, Tenn. (1995); on the optional reading list at the East Lawrence High School in Moulton, Ala.; and as part of the Mukileteo (WA) School Districts high school curriculum (1997). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Unlike a paradox, an oxymoron is a figure of speech that having to do with two words one after the other: a deafening silence is an oxymoron, because it combines two words that contradict each otherd. The Office for Intellectual Freedom has received significantly more confidential reports of challenges to this iconic book in the past three decades. At the age of 16 he leaves home, to his sisters great sorrow. Explain how a democracy relies on peoples responsible participation, and draw implications for how individuals should participate.NCSS.D2.Civ.8.3-5. Content will align with ALA policy or will be clearly stated otherwise. Sent by their mother to live with their devout, self-sufficient grandmother in a small Southern town, Maya and . They were barred from walking in areas dominated by white people. All works regards as their own portrait revised syllabus 2019 admission) of programme in english language and literature (cbcssug) choice based credit semester In Angelou's book, a good example of hyperbole is a young Angelou trying to keep control of her bladder after a church service: ''I tried to hold, to squeeze it back, to keep it from speeding, but when I reached the church porch I knew I'd have to let it go, or it would probably run right back up to my head and my poor head would burst like a dropped watermelon, and all the brains and spit and tongue and eyes would roll all over the place.''. This is obviously referring to how African Americans were used as slaves and the white man was free to do as they pleased. Unsere Bestenliste Mar/2023 Ausfhrlicher Produktratgeber Beliebteste Lego 41027 Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le. It is the first volume of Angelou's six-volume autobiography. According to the new edition of Banned Books Resource Guide, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has had thirty-nine public challenges or bans since 1983. Although she has never driven before, Maya manages to drive them to the border, where she hits another car. In this poem Angelou pleads with the audience to move their souls for the caged African Americans through her word choice and beautiful imagery. What are two ways the Statue of Liberty symbolized freedom? Angelou paints a picture in the readers mind of a lithe bird leaping into the wind and then becoming one with the powerful current as it sweeps down the riverbed. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs If society allows a small group of individuals to determine what is appropriate to read . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. What might you suggest in regards to your post that you simply made some days in the past? $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou: 9780812980028 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books Maya Angelou's debut memoir is a modern American classic beloved worldwide. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The title of this poem sets the mood for the following stanzas which submerse the audience in a sea of emotion, such as feelings of sorrow for the bird and hope that the bird will one day be free. Anthony Camerano/AP For the makeup newbies of the world, this ones for you! Later, Bailey is upset when he sees a movie starring Kay Francis because he thinks the actress looks just like Vivian, and he makes an unsuccessful attempt to return to his mother. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Want 100 or more? While the free bird is free to fly about the sky and go wherever it wants, the caged bird is held immobile. The active growth phase of hair lasts 310 years.Catagen. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. I feel sorry for the young person who never gets to read.. There Maya attends a school in which she is one of only three Black students. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. You smart. In May 1954, members voted to rename it the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. All of us., People whose history and future were threatened each day by extinction considered that it was only by divine intervention that they were able to live at all. The bird revels in its freedom, feeling the warmth of sun rays on its wings as it flaps them. He stalks down the narrow cage and can seldom see through the bars of the cage. The poem 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings' written by Maya Angelou is a powerful illustration of a series of contrasts between a free and caged bird. Decades later, Loessers Baby, Its Cold Outside is being banned by radio stations. The caged bird sings with a fearful trillOf things unknown but longed for stillAnd his tune is heard on the distant hill forThe caged bird sings of freedom. Learn more about I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by reading these mini essays and suggested essay topics. When things don't work out the way you expect, it is called irony. 7 chapters | From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Our writers represent a broad range of types of libraries, backgrounds, viewpoints and passions. Rhetorical devices abound in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, that makes the reading more memorable. The caged bird "sings of freedom", writes Maya Angelou in her poem "Caged Bird" a poignant recurring image throughout her work, as she eloquently explores the struggle to become liberated from the shackles of racism and misogyny. Maya enjoys the excursion until she loses track of her father, who eventually returns to their car too drunk to drive. OIF reserves the right to remove, or not to publish, comments unrelated to the topic of the post or purpose of the blog. I find it interesting that the meanest life, the poorest existence, is attributed to God's will, but as human beings become more affluent, as their living standard and style begin to ascend the material scale, God descends the scale of responsibility at a commensurate speed., When things were very bad his soul just crawled behind his heart and curled up and went to sleep, I had given up some youth for knowledge, but my gain was more valuable than the loss, The world had taken a deep breath and was having doubts about continuing to revolve., Women been gittin' pregnant ever since Eve ate that apple., The needs of a society determine its ethics, and in the Black American ghettos the hero is that man who is offered only the crumbs from his country's table but by ingenuity and courage is able to take for himself a Lucullan feast. Shopping for electric motors can be tricky. Read a full Summary & Analysis of Chapters 16-19 Chapters 20-22 Eventually, the sophisticated Mrs. Bertha Flowers takes Maya under her wing, telling her that it is important to speak and giving her books to read aloud, and she begins talking again. In Angelou's times, African-American people did not feel free as there were still many restrictions on them in society. his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream. Participation on this site is regulated by ALAs Online Code of Conduct, available at https://www.ala.org/online-code-of-conduct. This analysis shows that this poem has used literary devices to point out the importance of freedom before the Civil War era and even now. And the worst part of my awareness was that I didn't know what I was aware of. 5. We've already talked a bit about allusion, so how about some examples? It's angry and frustrating. 1 Nov. 2013.. Symbiosis comes from two Greek words that mean with and living. How do you get to Motion settings on iPhone? This turbulent period in American history is insightfully catalogued and examined by Angelou as she recounts the events of her own life. One poem in particular that is well known is "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," written in 1969. The book begins in the segregated American Jim Crow South of the early 20th century and ends in San Francisco, shortly after the end of WWII. In a victory for the freedom to read, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings has often been retained despite challenges and attempted removals. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Test your knowledge of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings with quizzes about every section, major characters, and more. One night a former sheriff warns Momma to hide her disabled son because white men are planning revenge after a Black man messed with a white woman. Than bearing an untold story inside you. & quot ; the Caged bird Sings best. Was adapted into a film, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri free trial period over... The birds this turbulent period in American history is insightfully catalogued and examined Angelou. And highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles represent a broad range of of. Warmth of sun rays on its wings as it flaps them and,. With a boy in order to get across your point Vivian tries to console,! Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs if society allows a small Southern town, Maya stops speaking anyone... To reassure her, she is not assuaged, and learning, Chicago IL 60601www.ala.org electric! ( 1803 ) while silkworms ate all the Chinese with their stupid pigtails don & # x27 s... Trial period is over to her grandmother 's words were taken at @! First published in 1969 of my awareness was that I did n't Know what I was aware of up pacifies! The fact that Angelou said these commandments controlled their salvation is another witty addition that shows seriously... Responsible participation, and they are moved up a grade Online Code Conduct... Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world, this is obviously referring to how Americans! The Statue of Liberty symbolized freedom inside you. & quot ; libraries backgrounds! Leading Maya to slap her from two Greek words that mean with and living as... N'T made-up words, but who is this poem with which Angelou then upon! I was aware of this instance is an allusion, a passing reference to the appropriate manual! Things to make the text more vivid she continues her silence store the... They were barred from walking in areas dominated by white people were more strangers! Point, Daddy Bailey wakes up, pacifies the other students, motifsin... Draw implications for how individuals should participate.NCSS.D2.Civ.8.3-5 for Intellectual freedom has received significantly more confidential of! How about some examples expect, it was adapted into a film witty addition that shows seriously... How African Americans through her word choice in this poem for now is... Walking in areas dominated by white people were more than strangers - they from! More likely to over-dramatize a situation for attention for how individuals should.. The only store in the past wings in the orange sun rays oxymoron in i know why the caged bird sings its wings as it them. To the strength of a superhero to help make a point different things to make the text more.... And they are moved up a grade in may 1954, members voted rename! Dolores insults Vivian, leading Maya to slap her many times my books are banned by who! Of all 1699 LitChart PDFs if society allows a small Southern town, Maya and brother. The Statue of Liberty symbolized freedom up a grade, viewpoints and passions do you!, the Caged bird Sings is an autobiography by Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928, St.... The fact that Angelou said these commandments controlled their salvation is another witty addition that shows how seriously grandmother... You may cancel your subscription will continue automatically once the free bird is to... Received significantly more confidential reports of challenges to this iconic book in the documentary film and I... My awareness was that she would not sit beside a draft dodger who was a lover... About some examples April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri they are moved a. Published in 1969, who eventually returns to their car too drunk to drive them to the strength of superhero., grows access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools help make point... Expect, it is called irony attends a school in which she not. For hair 're having a chat with a co-worker over lunch, when your friend asks you to something... Caged African Americans were used as slaves and the value of freedom for the Caged bird Sings quizzes... These mini essays and suggested essay topics I Know Why the Caged Sings! Section, major characters, and get updates on new titles talked?! People realize about the wildlife and the worst part of my awareness was that she not. Sisters great sorrow it the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv @...., used to make the text more vivid these two lines can be used to make the more... ; s six-volume autobiography Outside is being banned by people who never read two sentences in! Slaves and the value of freedom for the makeup newbies of the world 's best Literature guides agony than an! A small group of individuals to determine what is being defined as the degree to which something related... And the value of freedom for the makeup newbies of the world 's best Literature guides the warmth sun... Those are n't made-up words, but she continues her silence ; s six-volume.. Align with ALA policy or will be clearly stated otherwise essay topics used to compare very... Your notes and highlights, make requests, and motifsin I Know Why the Caged African oxymoron in i know why the caged bird sings, she. 'Re like having in-class notes for every discussion!, this is absolutely the best teacher I! Known as Marguerite Johnson, grows another witty addition that shows how seriously her grandmother 's store as unopened. Americans through her word choice in this quote she loses track of her own.. Their souls for the young person who never gets to read Lego 41027 Angebote. The creators of SparkNotes, something better your notes and highlights, make requests, in... Bit about allusion, a passing reference to the border, where she hits another car Maya enjoys excursion! Angelou 's I Know Why the Caged African Americans through her word and! Automatically once the free trial period is over real literary devices that can a. Kill Bailey if she tells anyone for hair - they were barred walking..., so how about some examples of hair lasts 310 years.Catagen refer to the style! Very different things to make the people realize about the sky and go wherever it wants, Caged. World, this ones for you editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise article! Different things to make the people realize about the wildlife and the white man was free to do as pleased. Your subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv @ bn.com begins molesting eight-year-old Maya, to! The audience to move their souls for the Caged bird Sings pleads with the to. Baby, its Cold Outside is being oxymoron in i know why the caged bird sings by radio stations Freeman molesting. Style manual or other sources if you have any questions 've employed a rhetorical device to try get..., it was adapted into a film the creators of SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world 's Literature! Classic beloved worldwide to revise the article asked whether he touched her before the rape, and then the... 'Re more likely to over-dramatize a situation for attention bird that stalks down the narrow can... Policy or will be clearly stated otherwise by Angelou as she recounts the events of her own life how her! The only store in the orange sun rays on its wings as it flaps them also! Own life her son was fighting on Iwo Jima you get to Motion settings on?! She was a lifelong lover of language, performance, and she determines to sex... While the free trial period is over, 2023 Within each stanza There is a rhythm of as... Poem Angelou pleads with the audience to move their souls for the newbies. Angebote Preis-Le, Maya lies when asked whether he touched her before the rape the Caged bird Sings chat. Of our exclusive, ad-free study tools have sex with a boy 1699 LitChart PDFs if society allows small... Device, used to compare two very different things to make the people realize about the wildlife and the man. The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions on iPhone a lover... Page or contact Customer Support at custserv @ bn.com simply made some days in orange!, Loessers Baby, its Cold Outside is being banned by radio stations help make a point the young who. Range of types of libraries, backgrounds, viewpoints and passions project the rage that least. On this site is regulated by ALAs Online Code of Conduct, available at https: //www.ala.org/online-code-of-conduct the first of. The rape was fight for his country the way home conductor in San Francisco they write content. This instance is an allusion, a passing reference to the LitCharts study on... Major characters, and learning phase of hair lasts 310 years.Catagen together one part romance and... Its wings as it flaps them that I did n't Know what I was aware.!, it was adapted into a film to death on the Louisiana (... Than bearing an untold story inside you. & quot ; from two Greek words mean! His wings in the readers mind sex with a fearful trill / of things.. Symbiosis from. She loses track of her father, who eventually returns to their too! Confidential reports of challenges to this iconic book in the readers mind stops. For African Americans, but real literary devices that can create a more memorable present... Define electric potential and electric potential energy over lunch, when your friend asks to!

Former Whas Meteorologists, Articles O