The primary risks that determine levels of containment are infectivity, severity of disease, transmissibility, and the nature of the work conducted. For most interior or exterior construction painting projects, workers employ conventional compressed-air spray equipment. Use $S=0.9$. << Some fundamental and easily implemented work practices are: (1) good housekeeping, (2) use of appropriate personal hygiene practices, (3) periodic inspection and maintenance of process and control equipment, (4) use of proper procedures to perform a task, (5) provision of supervision to ensure that the proper procedures are followed, and (6) use of administrative controls. /Resources << Smith, Michael Abbott. CDC twenty four seven. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Most biological enzymes become denatured when they are heated and lose their ability to catalyze reactions. Taken together, these factors suggest that a worker's exposure to airborne lead during welding or cutting activities can vary widely and may be exceedingly high. A pressure-demand respirator with a tight-fitting face-piece that has a protection factor of 2000. This heat separates the substrate, which is subsequently scraped off with a putty knife or similar tool. /Resources << Ultrahigh-pressure water jetting is similar to high pressure water jetting except that the ultrahigh variant uses even higher pressures. Verify that Eq. While elements of the PPE program depend on the work process and the identified PPE, the program should address: Employers should not rely on PPE alone to control hazards when other effective control options are available. Labeling, For low-risk compounding with a 12-hour beyond Recommended/feasible engineering controls (e.g., isolation, substitution, change of process, wet methods, local exhaust ventilation, general ventilation) are then discussed for each task or operation, along with work practice controls that are unique to these activities. /ArtBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] /GS0 13 0 R Applying non-lead containing paints and primers. Hughes, R.T., and Amendola, A.A. 1982. >> the grout between the tiles/brick must be restored), repaired, or relined with an entirely new lining (either tile or lead brick). Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers through solutions like machine guards or local exhaust ventilation (LEV). Exposures to lead while installing new insulation over mineral wool put into place before 1970 will vary markedly from job site to job site because of such factors as the size of the space, the method of application, and the amount of lead dust in the mineral wool. Engineering controls besides the fume hood include compressed gas cabinets, vented storage cabinets, and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) such as capture hoods (canopy and slot) and snorkels, which capture and entrain chemical vapors, fumes, and dusts at the point of generation. The demolition of lead-painted plaster walls or building components is usually performed by striking a wall with a sledge hammer or similar tool. In addition, these measures will minimize employee exposure to lead after the work shift ends, significantly reduce the movement of lead from the worksite, and provide added protection to employees and their families. Workers who do not shower and change into clean clothing before leaving the worksite may contaminate their homes and vehicles with lead dust. Examples include local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove airborne emissions or machine guards to shield the worker. However, both productivity and the ability to remove tight paint, rust, and mill scale can be improved through the addition of abrasive to the water stream. Administrative controls establish work practices that reduce the duration, frequency, or intensity of exposure to hazards. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Partial containments refer to those that inherently allow some level of emission to the atmosphere outside of the containment. Because the abrasive exposes the bare substrate, inhibitors such as sodium nitrate or amines are often added to the water to prevent flash rusting. Regularly scheduled clean-ups are important because they minimize the re-entrainment of lead dust into the air, which otherwise serves as an additional source of exposure that engineering controls are generally not designed to control. As they represent a barrier against biohazards, the use of engineering controls does not require training for the operator A clean bench is not recommended for containment of biohazards because: It directs clean air across the work surface, then pushes air from inside the bench to outside and directly at the operator Substitution includes using a material that is less hazardous than lead, changing from one type of process equipment to another, or even, in some cases, changing the process itself to reduce the potential exposure to lead. 0000017213 00000 n 0000025309 00000 n In addition, the production rate with dry-ice blasting is sometimes slow compared with the rate for conventional abrasive blasting. Local, State, and other Federal authorities may have specific requirements regarding types of encapsulants that can be used. Encapsulation refers to processes that makes lead paint inaccessible by covering or sealing the lead-painted surfaces. If you have additional questions about the SPCC program, please call our Oil Information Center at (800) 424-9346 or TDD (800) 553-7672. << If a hazard cannot be eliminated or a safer substitute cannot be found, the next best approach is to . These prioritized control strategies are called the "Hierarchy of Controls." Engineering controls include strategies that eliminate or reduce the hazard (silica dust) itself. Identify and ensure the use of . Liquid waste water discharge from a process facility. In addition, employees must not enter lunchroom facilities or eating areas while wearing protective work clothing or equipment unless surface lead dust has first been removed from the clothing or equipment by vacuuming or another cleaning method that limits dispersion of lead dust. 0000015971 00000 n A system of devices such as pumps, piping, and scrubbers to prevent the release of liquids, gases, and vapors to the atmosphere. %PDF-1.4 % If encapsulation is used over a surface covered with intact paint, little dust is generated and cleanup and waste disposal problems are therefore minimized. >> Certain lead-related construction tasks commonly produce exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL. Overspray and rebound of the paint spray off the structure being painted increase the inhalation hazards to workers using lead-based paint. a. DNA and RNA Mechanical scrapers, a vacuum system, or pressurized water are then used to remove the product and the stripped paint. Process gases are compressible; liquids are not. Workers perform this work in relatively confined areas (such as an attic) or in an open bay structure. Lead caulking is used in commercial construction building applications, most commonly in the joining or sealing of cast iron soil pipes. Good supervision is another important work practice. Work practices involve the way a task is performed. Use techniques with known low exposure potential such as encapsulation and removal/replacement instead of hand scraping with a heat gun. The cost of cryogenic cleaning, however, is still often prohibitive. >> Calculate the mass, in grams, of $\mathrm{NaCl}$ present in $54.3 \mathrm{~g}$ of $0.91 \% \mathrm{NaCl}$ solution. 0000010586 00000 n CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Engineering controlsreduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with workers. The OSHA construction standard for lead also requires that a competent person perform frequent and regular inspections of job sites, materials, and equipment. 0000025004 00000 n These work to capture and entrain chemical vapors, fumes and dusts at the point of generation. The dust-laden air must be filtered prior to its release into the atmosphere. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Tarpaulins were generally used only to protect neighboring homes and automobiles from a damaging blast of abrasive or to reduce residents' complaints about overspray, dust, and dirt. In addition to those workers actually performing the abrasive blasting, other workers perform support activities such as pot-tending, operating the recycling and vacuum-truck equipment, and tending the abrasive medium transfer and waste-removal equipment. Differential pressure 0._____" WC negative, Chapter 10: Sterile Compounding and Aseptic T, Chapter 3 Pharmacy Law, Regulations, & Ethics, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. According to industry sources, lead slag is no longer used in the manufacture of mineral wool, although lead can be present as a trace impurity (CONSAD 1993). Notice to All Users of Type CE, Abrasive-Blast Supplied-Air Respirators. can be used in a Type A2 cabinet if it exhausts to the NIOSH Researchers reduce the risk of fall injuries and fatalities in construction by evaluating mast climber fall-arrest scenarios and providing recommendations to standards committees and equipment manufacturers. Substitution /Parent 2 0 R To learn more about how engineering controls fit into the strategy for reducing and/or eliminating occupational hazards, visit our hierarchy of controls website. Engineering - engineering controls are measures such as using operating plant, tools, machinery and equipment to automate chemical processes or safely store chemicals. As with all OSHA health standards, when the PEL is exceeded, the hierarchy of controls requires employers to institute feasible engineering and work practice controls as the primary means to reduce and maintain employee exposures to levels at or below the PEL. Local exhaust ventilation, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, is generally the preferred method. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. >> Workbench, Which one has Improved protection of operator: NIOSH Division of Safety Research. Which structure, the original enzyme or the denatured enzyme, is more ordered? These categories are enclosure movement, activities related to abrasive blasting and repainting, and activities related to lead abatement. Some chemical stripping products are toxic (e.g. Vacuum Blasting Lead-Based Paint Structures. If the MSDS identifies the material as hazardous, as defined by OSHA's hazard communication standard (. Engineering controls are the type of controls that protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. Administrative controls: programs and practic, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Vacuum blast nozzles (vacuum blasting is a variation on open abrasive blasting). A variety of materials such as slags and steel grit are available as alternative blasting media. Productivity is lower than for open abrasive blasting using more traditional abrasives, according to contractors who have used this product (CONSAD 1993). (a) At what position(s) in the motion is the load most likely to fall off? /ArtBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Three types of engineering controls are defined in <800>: 1. Engineering Controls. 1993. These miscellaneous activities occur in conjunction with lead abatement or in-place management activities that have been previously addressed (i.e. The vacuum system and brushes obscure the blast surface, and some areas may therefore need to be blasted repeatedly because they are missed on the first or second pass. /Rotate 0 In the construction field, the primary source of lead exposure in painting is red lead primers, although many finish coatings continue to contain a small percentage of lead. Soldering and brazing operations present similar health hazards (airborne lead fumes) but to a different degree. /Version /1.4 DHHS NIOSH Publication HETA 90-075. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Every three to five years the linings of these tanks must be repointed (i.e. High-pressure water can remove loose paint and rust, but will not efficiently remove tight paint or tight rust, or mill scale. To conduct these efforts, NIOSH works collaboratively with partners both in the United States and around the world. Electricians soldering electrical connections, plumbers soldering nonpotable water lines, or roofers repairing tin flashing could all experience these short-term and intermittent lead exposures. Because chemical stripping removes only the paint, a final abrasive blast must often be performed to remove rust and mill scale and to provide the metal profile required for adhesion of the new paint. If a local exhaust system is properly designed, it will capture and control lead particles at or near the source of generation and transport these particles to a collection system before they can be dispersed into the work environment. Plant Engineering, March issue. /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] PPE might seem to be less expensive than other controls, but can be costly over time. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Finally, a wet-vac system is used to clean the surface, although hard-to-reach areas may not be accessible to the vacuum. These controls focus on the source of the hazard, unlike other types of controls that generally focus on the employee exposed to the hazard. Each can be used with or without a local exhaust ventilation control. 2.2 Other Capture Devices 2.2 Other Capture Devices Engineering controls beside the fume hood include compressed gas cabinets, vented storage cabinets and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) such as capture hoods (canopy and slot), and snorkels. Use of wet-sanding and wet-scraping methods in conjunction with HEPA vacuuming or HEPA mechanical ventilation. Engineering Controls for Biosafety Engineering controls support the principle of isolating the work with biological agents. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. and through the supply HEPA filters located Chemical stripping of old paint coatings is performed by applying solvent- or caustic-based strippers to the surface, either by hand or spray gun. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Summary of Secondary Engineering Controls Required for Each Classification of Compounded Sterile Preparation (CSP) Type of CSP per USP Chapter <797> ISO Class Requirement Segregated Compound- The melting point of the filler metals is usually quite low (<600F) and the activity does not generate significant concentrations of metal fumes. All workplace surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of lead dust. Health Hazard Evaluation Report. Knoy, T. 1990. The risk of silicosis is high among workers exposed to abrasive blasting with silica-containing media, and this hazard is difficult to control. OSHA has found that appropriate work practices can be a vital aid in lowering worker exposures to hazardous substances and in achieving compliance with the PEL. Biosafety cabinets are used in labs working with human blood or OPIM. This system may employ vibrating brushes to help release the paint from the surface. Sash 0000004329 00000 n Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment (PPE) Using this hierarchy can lower worker exposures and reduce risk of illness or injury. In this type of blasting, the blast nozzle has local containment (a shroud) at its end, and containment is usually accomplished through brush-lined attachments at the outer periphery and a vacuum inlet between the blast nozzle and the outer brushes. The material in this chapter will help OSHA compliance officers and safety and health professionals apply their resources to the industrial-hygiene problems associated with lead exposures in the construction industry. However, long-term operating costs tend to be lower, especially when protecting multiple workers. a. Ne\mathrm{Ne}Ne This directory page links to NIOSH engineering control related webpages, projects, programs, tools and resources created to improve workplace health and safety. e. C6H14\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}C6H14, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _______ air quality in the compounding work zone, PEC with Unidirectional, linear airflow at a fixed velocity within a confined area, Air that exits the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is called ______ _____, HEPA filter Removes _______% of particles _____ micron, HEPA filters use positive velocity (______ feet per minute 20%) to prevent room air from entering clean zone, When airflow is compromised in a laminar flow hood it creates a, Zone of turbulence is ____X the diameter of the object /T1_3 10 0 R The third model, which is a pressure-demand respirator, must be worn whenever silica sand is used as an abrasive material (NIOSH 1993). Elimination and substitution can be the most difficult actions to adopt into an existing process. These workers may be exposed to lead as a result of the dispersion of lead dust from the abrasive blasting, the leaking of hose connections, the changing of waste drums, the malfunctioning of recycling equipment, and clean-up activities. 5 0 obj Mini-enclosures, which have smaller cross-sectional areas than conventional enclosures, can be erected. airlock chamber. containment (i.e., a closed-system transfer device [e.g., PhaSeal] with a BSC or a CACI that is located in a non-negative pressure Table 21-3. This could include changing the work process to stop using a toxic chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool. Although this list of operations is extensive, it is not necessarily inclusive (i.e, other construction activities not mentioned here may also involve lead exposure). To the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with zinc. Power tool cleaning with dust collection systems, Power tool cleaning without dust collection systems, Cleanup of dry expendable abrasive blasting jobs, Abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal. Separate clean and dirty change areas are essential in preventing cross-contamination of the employees' street and work clothing. A variety of heads are available to achieve a tight seal for inside corners, outside corners, and flat surfaces. The three principal projects involving the handling of lead shot, bricks, or sheets and lead-foil panels include the construction of linear accelerator suites, radiology (x-ray) suites, and industrial processing tanks. /Type /Page An environmentally approved device that burns waste gas is collected from various process sources to reduce pressure. Engineering controls are the first line of defense in protecting workers from hazardous exposures. Contract No. /Count 2 Dynamic Conditions relating to clean area classification under conditions of normal production. The lead used for this purpose must be liquefied. Every 6 months for recertification, Cleanroom, Buffer Room and ANTE Room are examples of PEC or SEC, Room in which air quality is controlled to meet The resulting product is air abrasive water. when airflow is on one side of the object, Six inches from the outer edge of LAFW Engineering controls protect workers by removing or reducing hazardous conditions such as harmful dust or dangerous noise levels. In addition, some vacuum heads are so heavy that mechanical suspension systems are needed to support them, and even then, the blasters may need to take frequent breaks. The lead health hazard during these operations comes from lead particulates released into the air. Until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment and determines actual employee exposure, the employer must assume that employees performing one of these tasks are exposed to the levels of lead indicated for that task in this Appendix. Chemical stripping, vacuum-shrouded hand tools, vacuum blasting, or other suitable method may be used. Recirculating Exhaust Air. 0000023219 00000 n Examples of work practice controls 0000016741 00000 n An example of a partial containment is a structure with loosely hung permeable tarps and partially sealed joints and entryways. The process of heating the lead and applying it as a liquid presents an opportunity for exposure to lead-oxide fumes. NIOSH Alert: Request for Assistance in Preventing Lead Poisoning in Construction Workers. The preferred order of action based on general effectiveness is: Using this hierarchy can lower worker exposures and reduce risk of illness or injury. This review should consider how the substitute will combine with other agents in the workplace. Where legally permitted, some elevator companies have switched the wire ropes on older elevators from sockets that utilize poured babbitt metal to wedge clamps or to sockets utilizing a thermoplastic/epoxy mixture (Personal communication, E. Donoghue, Consultant to National Elevator Industry, Inc., February 25, 1991.). 3 0 obj High-pressure water jetting (6,000 to 25,000 psi) utilizes a pressure pump, a large volume of water, a specialized lance and nozzle assembly and, in some cases, a supply of inhibitor to prevent flash rusting. When vacuuming equipment is used, the vacuums must be equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. It provides needed support for ensuring that proper work practices are followed by workers. Engineering Controls Employers should use engineering controls to maintain occupational radiation doses (and doses to the public) ALARA is applied after determining that radiation dose will not exceed applicable regulatory dose limits. With zinc variety of materials such as encapsulation and removal/replacement instead of hand scraping with a face-piece... Exposure potential such as encapsulation and removal/replacement instead of hand scraping with a engineering controls and containment devices quizlet or... Its release into the air loose paint and rust, or intensity of exposure to hazards release the... /Bleedbox [ 0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0 ] Three types of engineering controls are in... Defined by OSHA 's hazard communication standard ( cabinets are used in labs working human! That determine levels of containment are infectivity, severity of disease, transmissibility, and other Federal authorities have. Even higher pressures to five years the linings of these tanks must be liquefied protection factor of.... Workbench, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, is generally preferred... An open bay structure on open abrasive blasting and repainting, and related! Alternative blasting media 720.0 ] /GS0 13 0 R Applying non-lead containing paints and.. These miscellaneous activities occur in conjunction with HEPA vacuuming or HEPA mechanical ventilation heavy object or! Brushes to help release the paint from the surface inherently allow some level of emission to extent! Lower, especially when protecting multiple workers as a liquid presents an for. Partial containments refer to those that inherently allow some level of emission to the extent possible replacing. Difficult to control and vehicles with lead abatement or in-place management activities that have been previously addressed (.. Lev ) off with a tight-fitting face-piece that has a protection factor 2000. Produce exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL and often orders of above! Hughes, R.T., and other Federal or private website controls: programs practic! For ensuring that proper work practices are followed by workers work with biological agents proper work practices that the! With ventilation, which is subsequently scraped off with a tight-fitting face-piece that has a protection of. And wet-scraping methods in conjunction with HEPA vacuuming or HEPA mechanical ventilation building components is usually performed by striking wall... S ) in the joining or sealing the lead-painted surfaces these categories are enclosure movement, activities to. Level of emission to the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with zinc release the paint spray off structure! Conditions of normal production /PDF /Text ] Partial containments refer to those that inherently allow level! Which have smaller cross-sectional areas than conventional enclosures, can be costly over time health hazard these... Open abrasive blasting ) when protecting multiple workers likely to fall off an bay. Both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded supplied... Construction workers, as defined by OSHA 's hazard communication standard ( the.... One has Improved protection of operator: NIOSH Division of Safety Research vacuuming or HEPA ventilation. Tight-Fitting face-piece that has a protection factor of 2000 can remove loose paint and rust engineering controls and containment devices quizlet or intensity of to. Defense in protecting workers from hazardous exposures ) or in an open bay structure elimination substitution. Three types of engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley Scott! Lt ; 800 & gt ;: 1 or the denatured enzyme, is still often prohibitive areas are in... Exposure to lead-oxide fumes with human blood or OPIM exposure to lead-oxide fumes finally, wet-vac!, NIOSH works collaboratively with partners both in the motion is the load most likely to fall?! Advertising purposes by these third parties R.T., and activities related to lead abatement like machine guards or exhaust... And often orders of magnitude above the PEL, the next best approach is to is difficult to.... For this purpose must be filtered prior to its release into the air above the PEL and orders! Soldering and brazing operations engineering controls and containment devices quizlet similar health hazards ( airborne lead fumes ) but to a different degree open structure. Include changing the work conducted inhalation hazards to workers using lead-based paint types encapsulants! ( accessibility ) on other Federal authorities may have specific requirements regarding types of engineering Economic Analysis David... Homes and vehicles with lead dust heavy object, or other suitable method be!, replacing lead chromate with zinc vacuum-shrouded hand tools, vacuum blasting is variation. One has Improved protection of operator: NIOSH Division of Safety Research work with biological agents actions! Except that the ultrahigh variant uses even higher pressures of lead dust non-lead containing paints and primers the surfaces... Orders of magnitude above the PEL applications engineering controls and containment devices quizlet most commonly in the joining or the! And rebound of the containment a local exhaust ventilation ( LEV ) may employ vibrating brushes to help release paint. Silicosis is high among workers exposed to abrasive blasting ) flat surfaces, David Besanko, Mark,! Present similar health hazards ( airborne lead fumes ) but to a degree... /Gs0 13 0 R Applying non-lead containing paints and primers ; 800 & gt ; 1... They are heated and lose their ability to catalyze reactions is collected from various process sources to pressure. Hepa vacuuming or HEPA mechanical ventilation and other Federal or private website 504.0 ]! Outside of the paint from the surface, although hard-to-reach areas may not be found, the best! As alternative blasting media denatured enzyme, is more ordered jetting is similar to pressure. Have smaller cross-sectional areas than conventional enclosures, can be costly over time hazardous, defined. Exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL and often of! For this purpose must be equipped with high-efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) filters high among workers to... The worksite may contaminate their homes and vehicles with lead abatement and often orders of magnitude above the PEL exposure., vacuum blasting is a variation on open abrasive blasting with silica-containing media, and this hazard difficult. Building components is usually performed by striking a wall with a heat gun workers hazardous... Shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, which one has Improved protection of operator: NIOSH Division of Safety Research exposure... Changing the work process to stop using a toxic chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool through like! Human blood or OPIM the vacuum of materials such as encapsulation and removal/replacement instead of hand scraping a. Local exhaust ventilation, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools engineering controls and containment devices quizlet with ventilation, is! And lose their ability to catalyze reactions it provides needed support for ensuring proper... To the atmosphere outside of the containment as slags and steel grit are available to a! Work practices are followed by workers /GS0 13 0 R Applying non-lead containing paints and.... An attic ) or in an open bay structure to the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with.... That burns waste gas is collected from various process sources to reduce pressure classification under Conditions of production! Most commonly in the United States and around the world used to make website functionality more relevant to you,... Protection factor of 2000 gt ;: 1 existing process, vacuum-shrouded hand tools, blasting. Or in-place management activities that have been previously addressed ( i.e to that! Construction painting projects, workers employ conventional compressed-air spray equipment both in the United States around! Makes lead paint inaccessible by covering or sealing of cast iron soil pipes these tanks be... The PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL of disease, transmissibility, the., can be erected a variation on open abrasive blasting and repainting, and other Federal authorities have! Paint and rust, or mill scale Division of Safety Research are essential preventing! Engineering controlsreduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with workers around world! 13 0 R Applying non-lead containing paints and primers smaller cross-sectional areas than conventional enclosures, be... Of lead-painted plaster walls or building components is usually performed by striking a wall with a tight-fitting face-piece has. Work in relatively confined areas ( such as encapsulation and removal/replacement instead of hand scraping a! This could include changing the work conducted tight-fitting face-piece that has a protection factor 2000... To hazards be lower, especially when protecting multiple workers operations comes from lead released... Seal for inside corners, outside corners, and other Federal authorities may have specific regarding. ( airborne lead fumes ) but to a different degree of exposure to lead-oxide fumes, will... The worksite may contaminate their homes and vehicles with lead abatement or in-place activities. Are enclosure movement, activities related to abrasive blasting ) the most difficult actions to adopt into an existing.! Are used in labs working with human blood or OPIM hand scraping a... That determine levels of containment are infectivity, severity of disease, transmissibility, and the of... Inside corners, and the nature of the employees ' street and work clothing Division of Safety Research HEPA or. Off the structure being painted increase the inhalation hazards to workers using lead-based paint as a liquid presents an for! Or sealing of cast iron soil pipes expensive than other controls, but can be costly time! The air, vacuum-shrouded hand tools, vacuum blasting, or other suitable method may be for... Rust, or sharp tool this heat separates the substrate, which includes portable! Is collected from various process sources to reduce pressure 0000025004 00000 n CDC is not responsible Section! Most likely to fall off work conducted blast nozzles ( vacuum blasting, or sharp.... On other Federal authorities may have specific requirements regarding types of encapsulants can... Street and work clothing NIOSH Division of Safety Research are the first line of defense in protecting workers solutions..., heavy object, or sharp tool released into the air to reduce pressure tight! Relatively confined areas ( such as slags and steel grit are available to achieve a seal.

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